Apple Blossom by Louis Macneice

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Louis Macneice is closely associated with the nineteen thirties group of poets that included W H Auden. Many of his best-known poems date from that period. This one though is from much later, 1957.

I don’t want to say too much about it, because I feel that different readers may interpret it slightly differently. There may be an autobiographical element here. Perhaps Macneice had to be older to write it to convey the sense that life is still worth living after idyllic early years and that the present is connected to the past.

I suppose apple blossoms are more associated with the spring, but there is a powerful sense of optimism and renewal here that makes it appropriate for this first week of the new year.

Apple Blossom by Louis Macneice

The first blossom was the best blossom
For the child who never had seen an orchard;
For the youth whom whisky had led astray
The morning after was the first day.

The first apple was the best apple
For Adam before he heard the sentence;
When the flaming sword endorsed the Fall
The trees were his to plant for all.

The first ocean was the best ocean
For the child from streets of doubt and litter;
For the youth for whom the skies unfurled
His first love was his first world.

But the first verdict seemed the worst verdict
When Adam and Ever were expelled from Eden;
Yet when the bitter gates clanged to
The sky beyond was just as blue.

For the next ocean is the first ocean
And the last ocean is the first ocean
And, however often the sun may rise,
A new thing dawns upon our eyes.

For the last blossom is the first blossom
And the first blossom is the best blossom
And when from Eden we take our way
The morning after is the first day.

Brussels in Winter by W H Auden

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It’s turned so cold that what we would normally expect in January seems to have arrived a bit early.

It has put me in mind of this 1938 poem by W H Auden. There are lots of poems about snow but fewer about winter. This one captures very well that sense of dislocation and transformation that the freezing weather brings, but winter here is a political metaphor as well.

As so often with Auden, who was writing about the 1930s, one feels that nothing has really changed, or that history is repeating itself.

I love that line near the end, “A phrase goes packed with meaning like a van”. It describes not only what this poem does, with its intensity and compression of language, but what poetry in general does, I think.

Brussels in Winter by W H Auden

Wandering through cold streets tangled like old string,
Coming on fountains rigid in the frost,
Its formula escapes you; it has lost
The certainty that constitutes a thing.

Only the old, the hungry and the humbled
Keep at this temperature a sense of place,
And in their misery are all assembled;
The winter holds them like an Opera-House.

Ridges of rich apartments loom to-night
Where isolated windows glow like farms,
A phrase goes packed with meaning like a van,

A look contains the history of man,
And fifty francs will earn a stranger right
To take the shuddering city in his arms.

 

Now that You Too Must Shortly Go by Eleanor Farjeon

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First World War poetry used to mean poems written by men who had served as soldiers on the Western Front. The work of Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenburg and others concentrated on conditions on the battlefield and the terrible consequences of combat for those involved.

More recently, the definition has widened, helped by Andrew Motion’s 2003 anthology, to include poems written by women that deal with bereavement and the situation on the home front.

So here, in the run-up to Remembrance Day is a poignant poem about the moment when a couple must part which speaks for itself, really. It is by Eleanor Farjeon (1881–1965), later a prolific author for children and perhaps best known today for the words to the hymn Morning has Broken.

Now that You Too Must Shortly Go by Eleanor Farjeon

Now that you too must shortly go the way
Which in these bloodshot years uncounted men
Have gone in vanishing armies day by day,
And in their numbers will not come again:

I must not strain the moments of our meeting
Striving for each look, each accent, not to miss,
Or question of our parting and our greeting,
Is this the last of all? is this—or this?

Last sight of all it may be with these eyes,
Last touch, last hearing, since eyes, hands, and ears,
Even serving love, are our mortalities,
And cling to what they own in mortal fears:—
But oh, let end what will, I hold you fast
By immortal love, which has no first or last.

Ozymandias by Shelley

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I’ve been watching the BBC programme Russia 1985–1999 and of course it contains scenes of huge statues being toppled as communism was overthrown.

Shelley’s well-known poem about the ephemeral nature of power has been increasingly on my mind in this strange year of war and political upheaval.

It dates from the early nineteenth century and it’s an amazing thought that empires and tyrannies have risen and fallen since then, yet the poem itself has survived. Shelley himself has become like the sculptor that he describes.

It’s somehow reassuring to think that like Ozymandias, Vladimir Putin will one day be just another half-forgotten figure from the past.

Ozymandias by Shelley

I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said: “Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert . . . Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed:
And on the pedestal these words appear:
‘My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!’
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.”

Two Plays about John Betjeman by Jonathan Smith

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Something of a treat this for Betjeman fans, from Radio 4 extra. These two linked plays, Mr Betjeman’s Class and Mr Betjeman Regrets were first broadcast in 2017. Benjamin Whitrow does an excellent job of capturing the older Betjeman’s distinctive tones. He died during production and his role was completed by Robert Bathurst but you would never know.

The first play deals with Betjeman’s expulsion from Oxford, leading to his time as a prep school teacher, a role for which he is comically unsuited. This is just the latest in a line of disappointments for his father, played very well by Nicky Henson.

Betjeman junior is not the sort of son he would have preferred. He has no sympathy for John’s aesthetic leanings and a major cause of the difficulties between them is John’s lack of interest in taking over the family business. He thinks that his son’s university education has made him look down on his middle-class origins and turned him into a social-climbing time waster.

The second play is perhaps the stronger of the two, building on the themes of the first one. The older Betjeman is a National Treasure now. The success of his poetry and TV appearances have made him wealthy, but he is not altogether happy. He’s confused about his sexuality, and irritated that his poetry, although popular, is dismissed by critics who prefer the complexity of Eliot and Auden.

He ponders the breakdown of his marriage and his wife’s conversion to Roman Catholicism. He reflects that the feeling of guilt this gave him was actually very helpful in inspiring his writing. It was always a slightly difficult relationship and communication between them was conducted in mocking tones. Betjeman wonders whether he might have driven his own son away by talking to him in the same way, without quite realising that he was doing so.

There’s a sad sense of history repeating itself here, and the feeling that the young Paul Betjeman would have been more the kind of son his grandfather wanted. John’s inability to catch the ball when playing beach cricket with his father is repeated in a scene on the beach with his own son, who would prefer a father keener on games.   

Something that comes across very strongly is John Betjeman’s deep love for the Cornwall that featured so often in his poetry, the village of Trebetherick where his parents had a house, and the church of St Enodoc, where Betjeman himself is now buried. For much of the play, Betjeman is seated on a bench in the churchyard musing over his life. Both plays make full use of the fluidity of time and place that audio drama can convey so much more effectively than any other medium.

There is quite a lot of quotation from Betjeman’s poetry in both plays but I’m not sure what the autobiographical source was. He did write a verse memoir of his early years, Summoned by Bells, in which he says that his father’s monument in Highgate cemetery “points an accusing finger at the sky”.

The Persian Version by Robert Graves

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Here’s another poem from Robert Graves. He wrote this one during the second world war, referring back to classical antiquity to comment on current events.

It refers to the battle of Marathon in 490BC, at which the Greeks halted the Persian invasion. The major source for this is the Greek writer Herodotus, known as “the father of history”. He more or less invented the idea that history depends on who exactly is telling the story.

Graves would have been familiar with questioning the news, wondering whether the latest British military success reported on the BBC had actually happened quite as it was described.

We can appreciate the timelessness of this poem today, when the news about what is happening in Ukraine depends on whether it is from a Ukrainian or Russian source.

The last two lines here are a magnificent example of what we would now call “spin”, putting the best possible interpretation on what was actually a defeat.   

The Persian Version by Robert Graves

Truth-loving Persians do not dwell upon
The trivial skirmish fought near Marathon.
As for the Greek theatrical tradition
Which represents that summer’s expedition
Not as a mere reconnaissance in force
By three brigades of foot and one of horse
(Their left flank covered by some obsolete
Light craft detached from the main Persian fleet)
But as a grandiose, ill-starred attempt
To conquer Greece – they treat it with contempt;
And only incidentally refute
Major Greek claims, by stressing what repute
The Persian monarch and the Persian nation
Won by this salutary demonstration:
Despite a strong defence and adverse weather
All arms combined magnificently together.

Silence Observed by Michael Innes

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His real name was John Innes Michael Stewart and he was a Scottish literary academic. Under the name J I M Stewart he published works of criticism and fiction. He’s best remembered today as Michael Innes, author of the long-running series of detective novels featuring inspector John Appleby.

With the first of these, Death at the President’s Lodging, published in 1936, he more or less invented the donnish mystery story, later developed by Colin Dexter, among others. The last one appeared in 1986.

The books have a highly distinctive tone, featuring elegant prose, peppered with literary references, and a pre-occupation with upper-middle class manners. There is a lot of genteel conversation and they often feature country house settings. There is a vein of absurdity or eccentricity to the point of fantasy running through them. These are not realistic police procedurals.

This may sound off-putting, and the books probably are something of an acquired taste, perhaps not for everybody, but what saves them in my view is that Innes was both a shrewd psychologist and a master of plot. Most of the Appleby novels are compelling and enjoyable. Silence Observed, from 1961, is one of the best, I think.

The plot features artistic fraud, another favourite Innes theme. The title refers to the rule at Appleby’s club, as well as the discretion that he finds applies to sales of rather dubious works of art and the veil of silence that descends when eminent people discover they have been tricked.

Like all Appleby’s cases, it covers a very short period of time. The opening conversation in Appleby’s London club takes place in the morning and after a murder that night and another the following day, the case is resolved on the night of the second day. It’s a peculiarity of the Innes novels that the prose is dilatory but the stories fast paced.

This is a short novel, just under two hundred pages, but it illustrates all Innes’ strengths as well as some of his weaknesses. He has a real flair for dialogue, as well as description. The settings, such as Appleby’s club and a decaying old house in Essex, come vividly to life. There’s an exploration of a seedy shop in Bloomsbury that takes Appleby on to the roof tops of London in a scene worthy of G K Chesterton or Margery Allingham. The brief burst of action at the end is perhaps less convincing. Innes had a taste for frantic chases resembling John Buchan and they don’t always quite come off.

By this stage, although it seems somewhat unlikely, Appleby has become Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. He moves in the upper echelons of society. What saves the depiction of this from mere snobbery is the other case that is occupying Appleby’s thoughts. It concerns an eighteen-year-old boy in Stepney who has kicked an elderly shop keeper to death for a small sum of money and will inevitably be hanged. He reflects on this while investigating art fraud among the well-heeled.

With Innes, there is always a sense of an erudite and highly intelligent author having a bit of fun, and he passes this on to his readers. 

Only Innes could present a fake manuscript by the now obscure poet George Meredith as having been forged by a character from a Rudyard Kipling story. And only Innes would have Appleby notice that one of his police constables is called Henry James.

Surgical Ward: Men by Robert Graves

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It’s just over two years since I had a major operation so it seems appropriate to look again at this poem by Robert Graves. It concerns a subject that doesn’t get written about very often. I’m not sure when it was written, but I think it refers to an operation later in Graves’ life, rather than any of his experiences in the first world war.

I think it is a remarkable poem, but I must admit I have to supress a wry smile. As so often with Graves, there’s just the merest hint of a boast in his telling us that he was able to resist asking for morphine. I have to admit that I gave in and pressed the green button on the pump as often as it would let me.

Surgical Ward: Men by Robert Graves

Something occurred after the operation
To scare the surgeons (though no fault of theirs),
Whose reassurance did not fool me long.
Beyond the shy, concerned faces of nurses
A single white-hot eye, focusing on me,
Forced sweat in rivers down from scalp to belly.
I whistled, gasped or sang, with blanching knuckles
Clutched at my bed-grip almost till it cracked:
Too proud, still, to let loose Bedlamite screeches
And bring the charge-nurse scuttling down the aisle
With morphia-needle levelled…
                                     Lady Morphia—
Her scorpion kiss and dark gyrating dreams—
She in mistrust of whom I dared out-dare,
Two minutes longer than seemed possible,
Pain, that unpurposed, matchless elemental
Stronger than fear or grief, stranger than love.

  

At the End of the Passage by Rudyard Kipling

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I’ve been re-reading some of my favourite Rudyard Kipling stories, as I do from time to time. I consider him one of the best of short story writers, but it has to be said that there are few writers whose best and worst are so far apart. His stories range from the unforgettable to the unreadable. At the End of the Passage is one of the good ones, I think.

Four young colonial administrators in India are in the habit of getting together once a week for a game of whist. They are prepared to travel a considerable distance to do so, because they are the only Europeans for miles around. Over dinner they discuss the difficulties they face and the way life in India is misunderstood back in England. The host, Hummil, is in a thoroughly bad temper and the doctor stays behind to find out what is the matter. It turns out that he has not slept for days and is haunted by nightmare visions. He has even seen his own double sitting at the table.

The doctor gives him medicine to help him sleep and disables his guns, in case Hummil is tempted to shoot himself. He offers to send him off on sick leave, but Hummil refuses because his probable replacement is married and he thinks that neither the man nor his wife are physically robust enough to cope with the environment. I won’t spoil the story for those who have not read it by describing what happens after that.

Part of what makes the story so gripping is the vivid way in which Kipling conveys the harshness of the conditions and the effect that has on those who are not used to them. “There was neither sky, sun, nor horizon – nothing but a brown purple haze of heat.”

These men have a shockingly relaxed attitude to death. If they haven’t heard from someone for a week, they check up on him to make sure he is still alive. Suicides and deaths from cholera are quite common. They are all under thirty, but are described as “lonely folk who understood the dread meaning of loneliness”.

All this takes its psychological toll and here we come to the point. Has Hummil been driven slowly mad by all this, or is there a supernatural explanation for his mental afflictions?  

This 1890 story is presented with gaps in the narrative and ambiguities that anticipate the style of Kipling’s later work where the reader has to work quite hard to understand just what exactly has happened and what it might mean.

On the one hand, Kipling is presenting the lives of administrators in India in a realistic way to a readership that may be unfamiliar with life there. On the other, the story can be read as Kipling’s admission that the imperial enterprise is doomed to fail, because the environment is simply too difficult for those not born to it to thrive in.

That’s the funny thing with Kipling. He’s regarded as the great propagandist for empire, yet a close reading often reveals that he is actually saying something rather different.   

Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man by Siegfried Sassoon

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Siegfried Sassoon was already well-known as a war poet when Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man was published in 1928. Despite the title, it’s not really a memoir, but a journey from innocence to experience better described as autobiographical fiction or fictionalised autobiography. It is one of the works that helped to create the myth of the long Edwardian summer before the first world war, when in reality that period was one of social change and political uncertainty. Be that as it may, much of what is depicted here was swept away for ever by the war.

This is the story of George Sherston, a young man who has grown up as an only child living with his aunt. He has a modest private income and drops out of Cambridge to concentrate on what he calls his “career as a sportsman”. He devotes his time to fox-hunting and playing cricket in the peaceful, ordered and class-conscious world of rural Kent.

These activities may not hold much appeal for modern readers, but what makes this book such a good read and so memorable is the wonderfully poetic and evocative prose in which Sassoon depicts the countryside. The language is straightforward and precise. Sassoon has the poet’s instinct for exactly the right word. The smell of the air, the change of the seasons, the play of light over the landscape; it is all here, like the literary equivalent of a picture by Eric Ravilious.

This is a world in which Sherston can take his horse to a hunt in another part of the county on a slow steam train that stops at every station. A journey of twenty miles or so is an adventure and trips to London are rare. He delights in being on horseback early in the morning, experiencing the outdoors as those who must work in offices for a living cannot.   

He is completely satisfied with the limited horizons of this small but idyllic world. He accepts the social system and the way things are. He has no thoughts about any future career, or indeed the future in any form. He records his youthful triumphs, such as his innings in the flower show cricket match. This is surely one of the greatest of all literary cricket games and that chapter preserves for ever village social life at that time. There is also his winning ride in the Colonel’s Cup steeplechase.

Yet this is written in such a way as to make clear that Sherston is looking back at his youthful and rather innocent self from some distance in time, with a warm yet slightly critical eye: “All the sanguine guesswork of youth is there, and the silliness; all the novelty of being alive and impressed by the urgency of tremendous trivialities.” I have the feeling that this aspect of the book was influenced by Proust.

There are sly hints, too, of the war that is to come. There are several references to the great enemy of the hunter when jumping a hedge, barbed wire, and the Boer war is mentioned here and there.

Sherston is a slight outsider in this almost feudal set-up, where most of the hunters are farmers or landowners. His modest private income is not really enough to finance the life he aspires to. He moves in a largely male world, and seems to have no interest in meeting young ladies. He has intense male friendships, for example with Denis Milden, the young master of foxhounds. How the reader interprets this might depend on their knowledge of Sassoon’s life. It has to be said that Sherston is not quite Sassoon. He does not write poetry for example.       

By the later part of the book, Sherston is in the army. He experiences social embarrassment when he finds that most of the officers are men he knows from fox-hunting. He pulls some strings to become an infantry officer himself. It is not really made clear why, with his experience of horses, he does not join the cavalry.

By the end, Sherston has experienced the reality of war on the Western Front. Two of his friends have been killed in action and his aunt’s groom, Jim Dixon, the man who put him on a horse in the first place and encouraged his riding endeavours, has died of pneumonia in the trenches.

Sherston’s darker and grimmer wartime experiences are continued in Memoirs of an Infantry Officer.

We are now a long way from the earlier part of the book when Sherston told us: “My memory of that summer returns like a bee that comes buzzing into a quiet room where the curtains are drawn on a blazing hot afternoon.”